Normality and Coercion Plato, Aristotle, Locke,...

Using Hobbes theory of the Leviathan replacing the ‘state of nature’, what is his conception of normativity and coercion? Discuss three writers from different disciplines who change and update these conceptions and the relationship between normativity and coercion. The 17th Century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes is now widely regarded as one of a handful of truly great political philosophers, whose masterwork Leviathan rivals in significance the political writings of Plato, Aristotle, Locke, Rousseau, Kant, and Rawls. Hobbes is famous for his early and elaborate development of what has come to be known as â€Å"social contract theory†, the method of justifying political principles or arrangements by appeal to the agreement that would be†¦show more content†¦There emerged the Natural law theorist, the Positive law theorists, sociological school, the Realist, Purists and the Marxist. Natural Law: Natural Law believes that there are objective moral principles that can be discovered by natural reason and law is only law insofar as it conforms to these reasons. Law is something that needs to exist for maintaining order and for the common good of all humans. According to Aquinas, divine law is supreme. Law is not founded by man – it is discovered by man. One should choose and act in ways that are compatible with a will towards integral human fulfillment. Natural law theorists believe that moral order is a creation of God and is sustained by Him. Positive Law: A view according to which law is produced by the ruling power in the society. Strict separation of positive law from ethics and social policy and justice is identified with legality i.e. Observance of rules by the ruling power. Austin’s Command Theory: law is a command of the sovereign obliging them to a course of conduct. Bentham: An assemblage of signs, expressions of subjective will. If human laws conflict with fundamental principles of morality, they are still laws that which directly or indirectly attributable to the sovereign or the ruling power is the source of law. Sociological School: Law consists of and can be found in the regularized conduct or actual patterns of behavior in a

Controversial Issues During The Pre Civil War - 1284 Words

There were many controversial issues and events during the Pre-Civil War Era that stimulated and contributed to the occurrence of the war. Many of these issues and events were affected by one man in particular during this time, Frederick Douglass. He was an African American slave who ran away to become a free man, and he had considerable influence among the nation. He wrote a narrative about his life as a slave, which had a great impact on society and on the Civil War, but understanding its impact on society requires looking at the history of the nation combined with the effects of Frederick Douglass and his book. Back during the establishment of the colonies, there was a distinct difference between the North and the South. The North had an economy that was run by small family farms. The South had an economy that was run by plantations with cash crops; at this time the cash crop was tobacco. The nation did not come together and form though until the Revolutionary War, but that is of little importance, the regions still had their differences even before they became one nation. After the nation had been formed, they found that their current form of government was not going to sustain them for long. They had to rewrite the rules of the land, and in the process of making these rules, the issues of slavery were already being argued. In the creation of the United States Constitution, many controversial topics and issues were brought up, and among these was slavery. The firstShow MoreRelated Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, And Daniel Webster And Their Differing Vi594 Words   |  3 Pages Perhaps the three most influential men in the pre-Civil War era were Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster. These men all died nearly a decade before the civil war began, but they didn’t know how much they would effect it. 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Caring for Children Free Essays

For unit 8 you must put together a portfolio of research into a number of different topics as indicated by the headings below. The portfolio should include current and relevant research, information and materials from a variety of sources, refer to child development and identify, where appropriate, the relevance of current legislation. The portfolio may include documents generated through different aspects of your work such as: action plans, curriculum and routine plans, notes of activities, images, audio files, narrative accounts, media other than text, reports and presentations, leaflets, booklets, diaries and other suitable ways of showing research information and materials. We will write a custom essay sample on Caring for Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout the portfolio you should ensure that you address diversity and inclusive practice where appropriate for the task. You may use appropriate materials from this portfolio to contribute towards your external Research assessment task. Portfolio Content E1 Collate evidence which describes the role of the practitioner in caring for children (Gather and present information about the role of the practitioner when caring for children. This could include: meeting the needs and supporting the rights of children, working with their families, working in a team and with other professionals, compliance with legal requirements, care of themselves (the practitioner), training and development, attitudes/values of practitioners, inclusive practice)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. A1 Include a reflective account of the role of the practitioner in caring for children (Develop the information gathered for E1 and use your experiences to consider and show understanding of your practice in caring for children.  Use this reflection to suggest appropriate ways you could develop your role as a practitioner when working with children). E2 Collate information about how care for children may be provided within families and society (Gather and present information about the many different ways children are cared for by families and by society. This may include: types of family care plus the range of statutory, voluntary, private and independent settings) E3 Include evidence which compares the differing roles of statutory, private, voluntary and independent settings (Provide evidence that looks at the roles of statutory, private, voluntary and independent settings that care for children – their main differences and similarities. Statutory – provided by the state, e.g. schools Private – businesses that make a profit, e.g. private day nurseries Voluntary – national and local organisations e.g. parent and toddler groups Independent – e.g. pre-preparatory settings; kindergartens). E4 Include a summary of the main regulations that govern the care of children in different types of settings (State in a concise way the main regulations that regulate and control the care of children in a range of settings, eg Children Act 2004. The main points of this act that regulates care of children are†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.) C1 Analyse how the main regulations can influence the provision of care. (A development of E4. Consider how the main regulations and controls you identified in E4 can influence the provision of care available for children) E5 Include TWO (2) activities which will each support and maintain a different aspect of the daily care of children (Include a description of TWO (2) suitable activities. Each activity should support and maintain a different aspect of the daily care of children) E6 Include an explanation of the key issues which enable multi-professional teams to work together (Give details of the main factors that enable teams of professionals with different expertise to work successfully together, eg It is essential to respect and value the knowledge and skills of other professionals because†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.) B1 Evaluate ways to work effectively in multi-professional teams to support the care of children ( A development of E6. A detailed consideration and reasoned judgements of the issues (described in E6), to ensure support for children through successful multi- professional teams. Discussion of the effectiveness of ways could include: advantages and disadvantages of multi- professional teams, overcoming barriers to communication, consultation, and holistic approach to care of children, reflective practice†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. E7 Provide evidence of current and relevant research throughout the portfolio (This criterion will be met if work is supported by appropriate references to current and relevant research). D1 Provide evidence to show how knowledge of child development can contribute to the recognition of children’s care needs Supply evidence of how knowledge of child development helps the practitioner recognise individual children’s care needs. This may include: reliable and valid assessments of individual children, use of developmental norms, knowledge of age/stage appropriate care, prediction of next stages, understanding differences and valuing diversity, influences on development, the particular needs of individual children†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. D2 Discuss TWO (2) strategies for improving your own learning and performance (Think about and provide detailed information about two different ways you can improve and develop your own learning and performance) . E8 Show an understanding of diversity and inclusive practice (This criterion will be met if work in the portfolio demonstrates that all children and their families should have their individual rights and needs identified and met). E9 Include references and bibliography (At least TWO (2) references must be made in the text to relevant books, articles, magazines or web sites. These are sources of information and the sources used should be listed at the end of the assignment in a bibliography. Sources of background reading can also be included in the bibliography. For more information, see CACHE – Finding the Level. How to cite Caring for Children, Papers

Coleman Art Museum Case Essay Example For Students

Coleman Art Museum Case Essay Coleman Art Museum l. Summary of Facts A. Market education and entertainment 1. Coleman Art Museum (CAM) a. Not-for-profit corporation b. Members: 85% college educated, 60% over $70,000 income, 50% over 40 years old, 98% white c. Dependent on contributions/endowments/membership 2. Special Exhibitions 3. Economic market a. Client monopolistic competitions b. Contributor monopolistic competition with oligopoly overtones B. Product 1 . Has over 15,000 works of art in permanent collection a. Pre-Columbian art b. African art c. Pre-Depression art d. European and American decorative arts 2. Memberships . Special Exhibits 4. Private showings/ fundraising 5. Restaurant, gift shops, parking 6. Benefits a. Client (patron) 1) Core experience art 2) Education 3) Entertainment 4) Socialization 5) Self-esteem b. Contributor (government/organization/member) 1) Core Fulfillment of cultural mandate 2) Success of local social endeavor 3) Altruism 4) Self esteem and prestige 5) Reciprocity 6) Tax savings 7. PLC maturity C. price 1. Public institution no charge for viewing permanent collection 2. $3. 00 to $5. 00 charged for special exhibitions 3. 2004 MMAH membership CategoryNumber Revenue Benefit Cost a. Regular $50 13,672 . collector $250 364 81,415 64,135 d. patron $500 102 48,100 39,135 partner $1,500 604 815,666 99,567 e. . Directors Club $5,000 91 406,673 15,975 Corporate 205 125,576 g. 4. Elasticity relatively elastic to relatively inelastic with price clusters D. Promotion 1 . Little promotion of unique aspects of CAMs collection or emphasis on historical context 2. Promotion of special exhibits and activities via press releases and close relationship with local media 3. Educational outreach programs and lending performance space 4. Advertisements for special exhibitions aired on local radio and ewspapers 5. Member recruitment/renewals a. Mail and telephone solicitations focus on $50 to $250 personal membership categories b. Personal solicitations used for $500 to $5,000 personal and corporate membership categories c. Membership parties, special previews, and inserts in monthly CAM calendar 6. Expansibility non-expansible E. Place 1. Universal City, Fannel County, a large metropolitan area in the western U. S. 2. Four story building situated in the downtown adjacent to skyscrapers a. Unremarkable structure- marble box, unclear to many it is an art musuem b. Convenient location or shoppers, food, parking 3. Channel a. (Agent)- CAM consumer/user b. Manufacturer Distributor CAM consumer/user c. Contributor CAM Client F. Other 1. Museum image a. Referred to as marble box by its critics b. Building is anonymous c. Public status engenders misunderstanding d. No image in mind of the public (directors opinion) e. Research revealed two distinct images 1) Nondescript non-image 2) Only for specific people f. Viewed by membership as community organization with a cachet of class 2. Membership renewals . 50: 70% do not renew after 1st year, 50% of 2nd year renewals renew every year b. $100- $500: renewal rate c. $1,500- $5,000: renewal rate d. Corporate: 75% renewal rate for all categories 3. Auxiliary activities a. Gift shop b. Skyline Buffet restaurant c. Parking II. Problem/Opportunity B. Secondary 1. Unclear public image 2. Rely heavily on contributions 3. Membership is suboptimized 4. Narrow target market 5. Unproductive auxiliary services 6. Lack of integrated marketing communication (IMC) program Recommended Action Ill. A. Primary Increase incentives to become a member 1 . Undergo minor renovations to outside building to emphasize it is a museum 2. Increase benefits for contributors and higher membership types to ensure members continue to contribute and value the product. 3. Increase benefits for remaining a member such as increased benefits and services with every renewal. 4. Focus on restaurant/ parking/ gift shop to attract a wider local audience since they are attractive items for everyone in a downtown area not only art people. 5. Improve quality and capacity to attract people not necessarily interested in art but in a place to eat/ park/ shop. 6. Market penetration